alknet/docs/architecture/decisions/049-streaming-handler-for-subscriptions.md

ADR-049: Streaming Handler for Subscription Operations

Status

Accepted

Context

The call protocol defines Subscription as a first-class operation type (ADR-012 lists subscribe as one of four top-level protocol operations; OperationSpec.op_type includes Subscription). The wire protocol supports streaming: five event types (call.requested, call.responded, call.completed, call.aborted, call.error), PendingRequestMap::Subscribe with an mpsc channel, CallConnection::subscribe() returning impl Stream<Item = ResponseEnvelope>, and a full streaming-subscribe example in call-protocol.md. The client side works — a client can subscribe to a remote stream and consume call.responded events until call.completed.

The server side does not. The Handler type in alknet-call is:

pub type Handler = Arc<
    dyn Fn(Value, OperationContext) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = ResponseEnvelope> + Send>>
        + Send + Sync,
>;

It returns a single ResponseEnvelope. OperationRegistry::invoke() returns one ResponseEnvelope and closes. Dispatcher::handle_stream calls dispatch_requested → registry.invoke() → writes one EventEnvelope frame → loops. A Subscription operation that should produce a stream of call.responded events followed by call.completed has no way to express that through this handler signature.

This is a spec gap that should not have shipped. The TypeScript predecessor (@alkdev/operations, from which the Rust port was derived) had two distinct handler types:

type OperationHandler<I, O, C> = (input: I, context: C) => Promise<O> | O;
type SubscriptionHandler<I, O, C> = (input: I, context: C) => AsyncGenerator<O, void, unknown>;

The TS registry (registry.ts:21) stored them as a union, validated at registration that SUBSCRIPTION ops get an AsyncGeneratorFunction, and the server-side dispatch (call.ts:341-349, buildCallHandler) branched on op_type: SUBSCRIPTION → iterate the async generator, respond() for each, then complete(); else → execute(), single respond(). The Rust port collapsed the union into a single Handler returning one ResponseEnvelope, losing the streaming path. The fix is to restore it.

The downstream consequences of the gap:

• /subscribe HTTP endpoint (GatewayDispatch::invoke() → subscribe_handler) wraps a single ResponseEnvelope in a one-event SSE stream. A real Subscription operation (e.g., agent/chat streaming LLM tokens) cannot stream through it.
• from_call forwarding for a Subscription op calls CallConnection::call_with_payload() (single response), not CallConnection::subscribe() (stream). A from_call-imported subscription truncates to the first value.
• from_openapi forwarding for a text/event-stream response returns one ResponseEnvelope instead of streaming the SSE chunks.

All three are symptoms of the same root cause: the Handler type cannot produce a stream.

Decision

1. StreamingHandler type (alongside Handler)

Add a streaming handler type that returns a stream of ResponseEnvelopes, mirroring the TS SubscriptionHandler / OperationHandler split:

pub type StreamingHandler = Arc<
    dyn Fn(Value, OperationContext)
        -> Pin<Box<dyn Stream<Item = ResponseEnvelope> + Send>>
        + Send + Sync,
>;

Each Ok(value) in the stream becomes a call.responded event. An Err becomes a call.error event (terminal — the stream ends). Natural stream end becomes call.completed. The dispatch path converts each ResponseEnvelope to EventEnvelope exactly as it does today for the single-response case — no new wire-format concept is introduced.

A make_streaming_handler() helper (analogue of make_handler()) wraps an async generator / stream-producing closure into a StreamingHandler.

2. HandlerKind enum on HandlerRegistration

pub enum HandlerKind {
    Once(Handler),
    Stream(StreamingHandler),
}

pub struct HandlerRegistration {
    pub spec: OperationSpec,
    pub handler: HandlerKind,  // validated against spec.op_type at registration
    pub provenance: OperationProvenance,
    pub composition_authority: Option<CompositionAuthority>,
    pub scoped_env: Option<ScopedPeerEnv>,
    pub capabilities: Capabilities,
}

Registration validates: Query / Mutation → HandlerKind::Once; Subscription → HandlerKind::Stream. Mismatch is a startup error (same as the TS validateSubscriptionHandler). The enum makes the "one or the other, matching op_type" invariant type-level rather than two Options validated at runtime.

3. OperationRegistry::invoke_streaming()

impl OperationRegistry {
    /// Dispatch a Subscription operation. Returns a stream of
    /// ResponseEnvelopes. Errors (not-found, forbidden, invalid operation
    /// type) yield a single ResponseEnvelope::error and end the stream.
    pub fn invoke_streaming(
        &self,
        name: &str,
        input: Value,
        context: OperationContext,
    ) -> BoxStream<ResponseEnvelope>;
}

invoke_streaming() performs the same visibility + ACL checks as invoke(), then dispatches to the StreamingHandler. Pre-handler errors (not-found, forbidden) produce a single error ResponseEnvelope and end the stream (matching the single-response path's behavior, just on a stream).

4. OperationRegistry::invoke() errors on Subscription

invoke() is the request/response dispatch path. Calling it on a Subscription op is a type mismatch — a streaming operation dispatched through the request/response path. It returns a ResponseEnvelope carrying CallError { code: "INVALID_OPERATION_TYPE", ... } (a new protocol-level code):

INVALID_OPERATION_TYPE

(retryable: false, details: None). This is the wire-format addition: a sixth protocol-level error code. It signals "you called the wrong dispatch method for this operation's type" — distinct from INVALID_INPUT (schema mismatch) and INTERNAL (handler failure). Clients should treat unknown codes as INTERNAL with retryable: false (the existing rule); INVALID_OPERATION_ TYPE is a permanent client-side programming error, not a transient failure.

5. OperationEnv::invoke() errors on Subscription

OperationEnv::invoke() (composition) stays request/response-only. It returns a single ResponseEnvelope. Calling it on a Subscription op produces the same INVALID_OPERATION_TYPE error — composition cannot truncate a stream to its first value. This is a clean architectural boundary, not a deferral:

• OperationEnv composition is "call a child operation, get a result" (the OperationHandler model). It is request/response by construction.
• Stream composition (filter, map, combine, window, dedupe) is a handler-level concern. A handler that produces a stream transforms it with stream operators at the handler level, not through OperationEnv. The @alkdev/pubsub operators.ts is the prior art for this model: 13 operators (filter, map, take, batch, dedupe, window, chain, join, etc.) that operate on AsyncIterable<T>, distinct from the request/response composition. In Rust, the analogues operate on BoxStream<T>.
• No invoke_streaming() is added to OperationEnv. The protocol composition surface is request/response; stream manipulation is handler-internal.

6. Server-side dispatch branches on op_type

Dispatcher::handle_stream / dispatch_requested gains a branch on op_type:

• Subscription → registry.invoke_streaming() → for each ResponseEnvelope in the stream, write EventEnvelope to the wire → write call.completed on stream end.
• Query / Mutation → registry.invoke() → write one EventEnvelope (existing path, unchanged).

The streaming branch sets deadline: None for subscriptions (unbounded — already specced in call-protocol.md Timeouts) and wires abort cascade (ADR-016): if call.aborted arrives for a streaming request, the stream is dropped (Rust Drop releases the handler's resources).

7. GatewayDispatch::invoke_streaming() (alknet-http)

The shared dispatch spine gains a streaming variant:

impl GatewayDispatch {
    pub async fn invoke_streaming(
        &self,
        identity: Option<Identity>,
        op: &str,
        input: Value,
    ) -> BoxStream<ResponseEnvelope>;
}

invoke_streaming() builds the root OperationContext identically to invoke() (same security invariants: internal: false, forwarded_for: None, same capabilities, same scoped_env), then calls registry.invoke_streaming(). The two gateways (to_openapi, to_mcp) diverge only on wire-framing; the security axis is provably identical between invoke() and invoke_streaming().

The HTTP /subscribe handler calls invoke_streaming() and pipes the BoxStream<ResponseEnvelope> to SSE: each Ok(value) → SSE data: frame, Err → SSE error event + close, stream end → close. This replaces the current one-event subscribe_stream_from_envelope with the real streaming path.

8. from_call stream forwarding

The from_call forwarding handler construction branches on op_type during discovery:

• Query / Mutation → existing make_forwarding_handler() (calls CallConnection::call_with_payload(), returns single ResponseEnvelope), registered as HandlerKind::Once.
• Subscription → new make_streaming_forwarding_handler() (calls CallConnection::subscribe(), returns impl Stream<Item = ResponseEnvelope>, maps to BoxStream<ResponseEnvelope>), registered as HandlerKind::Stream.

A from_call-imported Subscription op forwards the remote stream end-to-end: the client-side CallConnection::subscribe() (already working) feeds a StreamingHandler that produces the stream. No truncation, no first-value fallback.

9. from_openapi SSE forwarding

The from_openapi forwarding handler construction branches on op_type (determined by detectOperationType — text/event-stream response → Subscription):

• Query / Mutation → existing forwarding handler (single HTTP request → single ResponseEnvelope), HandlerKind::Once.
• Subscription → streaming forwarding handler (HTTP request → SSE response stream → parse SSE chunks → BoxStream<ResponseEnvelope>), HandlerKind:: Stream.

The SSE parsing reuses the TS parseSSEFrames pattern: each SSE data: frame becomes a ResponseEnvelope::ok(), SSE stream end becomes stream end (→ call.completed).

Consequences

Positive:

• Subscription operations work end-to-end: server-side handler → server-side dispatch → wire → HTTP /subscribe SSE → from_call forwarding → from_openapi SSE forwarding. No truncation, no broken paths.
• The Handler / StreamingHandler split mirrors the TS prior art exactly, making the Rust port faithful to its source.
• HandlerKind makes the "one or the other, matching op_type" invariant type-level (a Once variant for Query/Mutation, a Stream variant for Subscription) rather than a runtime check on two Options.
• Existing handlers (echo, discovery, from_openapi Query/Mutation, from_mcp, from_call Query/Mutation) are unchanged — they return a single ResponseEnvelope and register as HandlerKind::Once. The streaming path is additive to the existing handler surface.
• OperationEnv composition stays request/response, preserving the composition model's simplicity. Stream composition is a handler-level concern, cleanly separated.
• The new INVALID_OPERATION_TYPE protocol code catches dispatch-path misuse (calling invoke() on a Subscription) at the protocol level instead of silently producing wrong behavior.

Negative:

• HandlerRegistration.handler changes type from Handler to HandlerKind. Existing code constructing HandlerRegistration bundles must wrap in HandlerKind::Once(...). This is a mechanical change across handler construction sites (the builder's .with_local() / .with_leaf() / .with() methods absorb the wrapping internally, so most assembly-layer code is unaffected; direct HandlerRegistration::new() calls need the wrap).
• A new protocol-level error code (INVALID_OPERATION_TYPE) is a wire-format addition. Existing clients that treat unknown codes as INTERNAL with retryable: false (the existing rule) handle it correctly — they just don't distinguish it from INTERNAL until updated. The code is distinct from all existing codes and from operation-level domain codes (no HTTP_ prefix, no collision with the five existing protocol codes).
• The Dispatcher::handle_stream streaming branch adds a stream-to-wire pump (read stream → write frames → write call.completed). This is new code in the hot dispatch path, but it is a straightforward while let Some(envelope) = stream.next().await loop, not a complex abstraction.

Door type

One-way. The Handler / StreamingHandler / HandlerKind API surface is what handlers are written against across crates (alknet-call, alknet-http, downstream consumers). Changing it after handlers exist is a rewrite. The INVALID_OPERATION_TYPE wire code is also one-way — once emitted, clients may handle it, and removing it would break those handlers.

The HandlerKind enum shape (Once(Handler) | Stream(StreamingHandler)) is the one-way commitment: two handler variants, validated against op_type. The concrete BoxStream library choice (futures::stream::BoxStream vs a custom type) is a two-way-door implementation detail within the one-way decision.

References

• ADR-012: Call Protocol Stream Model (defines subscribe as a top-level protocol operation; the streaming path this ADR implements)
• ADR-017: Call Protocol Client and Adapter Contract (the adapter contract this ADR extends with the StreamingHandler variant)
• ADR-022: Handler Registration, Provenance, and Composition Authority (HandlerRegistration gains HandlerKind)
• ADR-015: Privilege Model and Authority Context (visibility/ACL checks run identically in invoke_streaming() as in invoke())
• ADR-016: Abort Cascade for Nested Calls (stream drop on abort; cascade through streaming handlers)
• ADR-023: Operation Error Schemas (INVALID_OPERATION_TYPE is a protocol-level code, distinct from operation-level domain codes)
• ADR-029: Peer-Graph Routing Model (from_call forwarding handlers gain the streaming variant)
• ADR-009: One-Way Door Decision Framework (the Handler / StreamingHandler split is a one-way door — handler API surface)
• @alkdev/operations/src/types.ts:62-78 — TS prior art (OperationHandler / SubscriptionHandler split)
• @alkdev/operations/src/registry.ts:65-75 — TS prior art (validateSubscriptionHandler — runtime validation against op_type)
• @alkdev/operations/src/call.ts:341-349 — TS prior art (buildCallHandler branches on op_type: SUBSCRIPTION → iterate + complete; else → execute)
• @alkdev/pubsub/src/operators.ts — stream operators prior art (filter, map, batch, dedupe, window, chain, join — handler-level stream composition, distinct from OperationEnv request/response composition)
• Spec documents amended: operation-registry.md, call-protocol.md, http-server.md, http-adapters.md, http-mcp.md, client-and-adapters.md