---
status: draft
last_updated: 2026-10-05
---

# Reference read: pgboss-rs queue semantics

*(pgboss-rs is design-reference only per ADR-005 — never a
dependency; referenced by
[ADR-010](../architecture/decisions/010-queue-semantics-depth.md).)*

**Reference:** `/workspace/pgboss-rs` @ `98f7d9e` ("Merge pull request
#19 ... codecov-action-7", HEAD of `main` — verified via `git log`).
**Crate:** `pgboss` v**0.1.0-rc6** (`Cargo.toml`), edition 2024, sqlx
0.8 / tokio / chrono / serde_json. Provenance: "Inspired by, compatible
with and partially ported from `pg-boss` Node.js package. Heavily
influenced by ... `faktory-rs`" (`README.md:10-12`). Internal schema
version constant `CURRENT_PGBOSS_APP_VERSION = 26`, minimum supported
26 (`src/lib.rs:90-91`) — the port targets the **node pg-boss v10.x
table schema** and asserts on it, so its DDL is a faithful design
reference even where the Rust runtime layer is thin (the Makefile
diffs schemas against upstream node pg-boss's own dump, `Makefile:46-95`).

~3,600 lines, mostly SQL-string builders. Key files:
`src/sql/ddl.rs` (schema), `src/sql/dml.rs` (all job SQL),
`src/job.rs`, `src/queue.rs`, `src/client/` (thin API layer).

## 1. Job states and schema

Seven-state enum, stored as a Postgres enum type **per schema**
(`src/sql/ddl.rs:7-17`), mapped in `JobState` (`src/job.rs:21-42`):

| state | meaning | ordinal (enum order, load-bearing) |
|---|---|---|
| `created` | registered, not yet consumed (default, ddl.rs:105) | 0 |
| `retry` | failed, awaiting re-fetch | 1 |
| `active` | being processed | 2 |
| `completed` | done | 3 |
| `cancelled` | cancelled via API | 4 |
| `failed` | terminal failure | 5 |

**Enum ordering is load-bearing**: fetchability/liveness guards are
ordinal comparisons — `state < 'active'` in the fetch CTE means
`created` or `retry` (`dml.rs:138`); `state < 'completed'` guards
cancel/fail (`dml.rs:184, 281`). **No `obsolete`, no dead-letter
state** — dead-lettering manifests as a row inserted on a DLQ queue.

Table layout (7 relations + 2 stored procs per schema, installed by
one transaction guarded by an advisory lock at first `Client::connect`,
`src/sql/mod.rs:38-58`):

- `{schema}.version` — `version int PK, cron_on timestamptz` (ddl.rs
  :19-28); `cron_on` vestigial.
- `{schema}.queue` — registry + embedded monitor counters (ddl.rs
  :30-61): `name, policy, retry_limit, retry_delay, retry_backoff,
  retry_delay_max, expire_seconds, retention_seconds, deletion_seconds,
  dead_letter (FK → queue.name, check (dead_letter is distinct from
  name)), partition, table_name, deferred_count, queued_count,
  warning_queued, active_count, total_count, singletons_active text[],
  monitor_on, maintain_on, created_on, updated_on`.
- `{schema}.schedule` — cron rows (unused by port code): `name FK→queue
  on delete cascade, key default '', cron text, timezone text, data
  jsonb, options jsonb`, PK `(name, key)` (ddl.rs:63-80).
- `{schema}.subscription` — event subscription rows (unused):
  `(event, name FK→queue)`, PK `(event, name)` (ddl.rs:82-95).
- `{schema}.job` — the jobs table, **partitioned by LIST(name)** with
  PK `(name, id)` (ddl.rs:97-129). Columns: `id uuid default
  gen_random_uuid()`, `name`, `priority int default 0`, `data jsonb`,
  `state`, `retry_limit int default 2`, `retry_count int default 0`,
  `retry_delay int default 0` (seconds), `retry_backoff bool default
  false`, `retry_delay_max int nullable`, `expire_seconds int default
  900` (15 min), `deletion_seconds int default 604800` (7 days),
  `singleton_key text`, `singleton_on timestamp` (epoch-quantized
  bucket), `start_after timestamptz default now()`, `created_on`,
  `started_on`, `completed_on` (timestamptz), **`keep_until timestamptz
  default now() + interval '1209600'`** (14 days), `output jsonb`,
  `dead_letter text`, `policy text`.
- `{schema}.job_common` — `LIKE job` DEFAULT partition with the full
  index set (ddl.rs:131-176): fetch index `i5 (name, start_after)
  INCLUDE (priority, created_on, id) WHERE state < 'active'`, plus four
  partial unique indexes implementing queue policies/throttling (`i1`
  policy *short*, `i2` *singleton*, `i3` *stately*, `i4`
  singleton_on-bucket, `i6` *exclusive*).
- Per-partitioned-queue tables named `j || sha224(queue_name)` hex,
  created by `create_queue(queue_name, options jsonb)` plpgsql
  (ddl.rs:185-275), attached as partitions `FOR VALUES IN (queue_name)`.

**Layout**: one PostgreSQL schema (default `"pgboss"`, `src/client
/opts.rs:9`) shared by everything; a queue is either a partition-filter
over the shared table (`partition=false`, default) or a dedicated
partition table (`partition=true`, `src/queue.rs:104-106`). Isolation
at *partition* level, only when opted in.

## 2. Enqueue options

`Client::send_job` (`src/client/public/job_ops.rs:20-84`) binds a
`Job` + `JobOptions` struct serialized to jsonb and merged with queue
defaults **inside SQL** (`dml.rs:68-129`). Resolution rule:
**`COALESCE(job-level, queue-level, hard default)`**.

| option | resolved | default |
|---|---|---|
| `id` | `COALESCE($1, gen_random_uuid())` | server-generated |
| `queue_name` | must exist (JOIN `queue`), else `Error::DoesNotExist` | — |
| `data` | jsonb passthrough | — |
| `priority` | `COALESCE(j.priority, 0)` | 0 (higher = fetched first) |
| `start_after` / `delay_for` | `COALESCE(j.start_after, now())` | immediate |
| `retry_limit` | `COALESCE(j.retry_limit, q.retry_limit)` | **2** (ddl.rs:106, 221) |
| `retry_delay` (secs) | `COALESCE(j.retry_delay, q.retry_delay)` | **0** (ddl.rs:220) |
| `retry_backoff` | `COALESCE(j.retry_backoff, q.retry_backoff, false)` | false |
| `retry_delay_max` | `COALESCE(...)` | NULL (uncapped); *not exposed in Rust API* |
| `expire_in` (`expire_seconds`) | `COALESCE(j.expire_in, q.expire_seconds)` | **900 s** (ddl.rs:223) |
| `retain_for` (`retention_seconds`) | `keep_until = COALESCE(j.start_after, now()) + COALESCE(j.retain_for, q.retention_seconds) * interval '1s'` (dml.rs:103) | **14 days** (ddl.rs:224) |
| `delete_after` (`deletion_seconds`) | `COALESCE(j.delete_after, q.deletion_seconds)` | **7 days**; *not exposed in Rust `JobOptions`* (job.rs:76-114) |
| `singleton_for` | epoch-bucket quantization (dml.rs:98-100) | NULL |
| `singleton_key` | passthrough | NULL |
| `dead_letter` | *queue-level only*; copied from `q.dead_letter` (dml.rs:109) | — |
| `policy` | *queue-level only* | `standard` |

Also consumed from options jsonb but unsettable from the Rust API:
`retry_delay_max`, `singleton_offset`, `delete_after`,
`expire_in`-as-integer.

**Errors at enqueue** (job_ops.rs:38-80, mapped from
unique-index/constraint names): `Error::Conflict` (duplicate
user-supplied id / `_pkey`), `Error::Throttled` (`_i1`…`_i6`), 
`Error::DoesNotExist` (queue or DLQ missing via `q_fkey`/`dlq_fkey` or
empty result).

**Explicit client API** (`src/client/public/`): `send_job`,
`send_data`, `fetch_job`, `fetch_jobs`, `get_job` (non-consuming,
job_ops.rs:105-133), `complete_job(s)`, `fail_job(s)/
fail_job_with_details`, `cancel_job(s)`, `resume_job(s)` (cancelled →
created again, dml.rs:194-208), `delete_job(s)`,
`create_queue`/`create_standard_queue`/`get_queue(s)`/`delete_queue`,
`force_maintain`.

## 3. Claim / fetch mechanics

Fetch SQL (`dml.rs:133-176`), one atomic CTE:

```sql
WITH next AS (
  SELECT id FROM {schema}.job
  WHERE name = $1 AND state < 'active' AND start_after < now()
  ORDER BY priority DESC, created_on, id
  LIMIT $2
  FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED            -- dml.rs:141-142
)
UPDATE {schema}.job j SET
  state = 'active', started_on = now(),
  retry_count = CASE WHEN started_on IS NULL THEN retry_count
                     ELSE retry_count + 1 END     -- dml.rs:147
  FROM next WHERE j.id = next.id RETURNING ...
```

- `FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED` under the fetch tx; N workers poll
  concurrently without contention. Ordering: priority DESC, FIFO by
  `created_on`, id tiebreak (dml.rs:139).
- Batching: `fetch_job` = limit 1 (job_ops.rs:109-114);
  `fetch_jobs(queue, batch_size)` (job_ops.rs:136-150). No server-side
  long-poll — **poll-only**; visibility is `start_after < now()` +
  caller cadence.
- **Lease/visibility**: no lease renewal, no `extend` call. Right-to-
  run bounded by `expire_seconds` (returned as `expire_in`, job.rs
  :199): the monitor sweep fails any `active` job with
  `started_on + expire_seconds < now()` (dml.rs:288-303). At this
  revision the sweep is **not scheduled by any background loop** — a
  crashed worker's job stays `active` until someone calls
  `Client::force_maintain()`; the e2e test documents this explicitly
  (`tests/e2e/maintenance.rs:49-66`: "still active though time is
  exceeded" until forced).
- **Completion/ack**: `complete_jobs` requires `state = 'active'`
  strictly; sets `state='completed', completed_on=now(), output=$3`
  (dml.rs:223-237). **Failure/nack**: `fail_jobs_by_jids` allows
  `state < 'completed'` (includes created) and runs the
  delete+reinsert retry/fail/dlq CTE (dml.rs:279-463); failure details
  land in `output` (`fail_job_with_details`, job_ops.rs:201-240).
- **Retry-count counting rule** (off-by-design quirk):
  `retry_count` increments **on re-fetch**, not on failure — first
  delivery leaves `retry_count = 0` (asserted,
  `tests/e2e/job_change_state.rs:95-98`). With terminal condition
  `retry_count < retry_limit → retry, else failed` (dml.rs:344-346),
  `retry_limit = n` gives **n+1 total attempts** (e2e confirms
  `retry_limit=1` → two attempts, job_change_state.rs:100-109).

## 4. Retry and backoff

- **Where configured**: per-job (`Job::retry_limit/retry_delay/
  retry_backoff`) with **per-queue fallback** (`Queue::...`), resolved
  at enqueue via COALESCE; queue defaults on the `queue` row (ddl.rs
  :36-40).
- **Counting**: §3 — increment on re-fetch; terminal at
  `retry_count = retry_limit`.
- **Strategies** (dml.rs:352-361, the `fail_jobs` CTE recompute of
  `start_after` on reinsert):
  - `retry_backoff = false` → **fixed**: `start_after = now() +
    retry_delay` (retry_delay = 0 default ⇒ immediate retry).
  - `retry_backoff = true` → **exponential with full jitter** against
    the base `retry_delay` plus an increment independent of base:
    `now() + LEAST(retry_delay_max, retry_delay +
    (2^LEAST(16, retry_count+1) / 2 + 2^LEAST(16, retry_count+1)/2 *
    random())) * interval '1s'` — jitter uniform ±100% of the doubling
    term, exponent capped at 16, cap `retry_delay_max` (NULL = uncapped;
    PG `LEAST` ignores NULLs).
  - Terminal failure keeps `start_after` unchanged (dml.rs:352).
  - **No custom user-supplied backoff function**; only the fixed/
    exponential flag. (Node pg-boss had `retryBackoff` similarly;
    upstream also had `retryDelayMax`, carried in SQL but never exposed
    in the Rust type API.)
- **Mechanics**: failure runs `DELETE ... RETURNING *` then
  **re-INSERTs the same row** as `retry` (new `start_after`,
  `completed_on=NULL`) or `failed` (with `completed_on=now()` —
  failure is semantically completion) (dml.rs:306-433).
  `ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING` on the retried insert + a `failed_jobs`
  insert for ids not in `retried_jobs` handles singleton-policy
  conflicts during retry. Defaults: retry_limit **2**, retry_delay
  **0 s**, backoff false. Timeout-failure (monitor sweep) writes
  output `{ "value": { "message": "job timed out" } }` — deliberate
  byte-compatibility with node pg-boss (dml.rs:300-302).

## 5. Dead-letter

- **Trigger**: terminal `failed` when `retry_count = retry_limit`
  during any fail path (worker `fail_job` or monitor-timeout sweep).
  The `fail_jobs` CTE then dead-letters (dml.rs:434-457): for each
  `failed` row whose `dead_letter` is set (copied at enqueue from the
  queue row), insert a **new job** on the DLQ — `name = r.dead_letter,
  data, output copied; retry_limit/retry_backoff/retry_delay from the
  DLQ queue row; keep_until = now() + q.retention_seconds;
  deletion_seconds = q.deletion_seconds` — gated by `JOIN queue q ON
  q.name = r.dead_letter` (a nonexistent DLQ **silently skips**) and
  implicitly `name <> dead_letter` (also enforced by the
  `queue.dead_letter` CHECK, ddl.rs:43).
- **Where**: the DLQ is **just another regular queue** (rows in the
  same `job` table with a different `name`), created ahead of time
  (README example, README.md:27-36). No dedicated dead-letter table,
  no distinct state. A DLQ-consumed job's `policy` is `None`
  (`src/job.rs:204-208`) so singleton indexes don't police DLQ
  redelivery.
- **Requeue surface**: none. Available ops on a failed/dead job:
  `get_job` (inspect incl. output and `retry_count`), `delete_job(s)`;
  `resume_job` does **not** cover `failed` (only `cancelled → created`,
  dml.rs:194-208). DLQ resubmission is by hand (get payload, send anew).
- **Retention/cleanup**: governed entirely by timestamps — `keep_until`
  (archive-at) and `deletion_seconds` (delete-after-completion). At
  this revision **nothing sweeps them**: no background maintenance, no
  archive table. Git history shows an `archive` table +
  `archive_jobs` procedure existed (`f63d9dc`) and was removed in
  `f9db249` ("Adjust ddl, retire create_job procedure") during the
  upstream-schema convergence; `queue_ops::delete_queue`'s doc still
  claims "Any jobs in the archive table are retained"
  (`src/client/public/queue_ops.rs:55-57`) — a **stale reference to
  the removed archive design**.

## 6. Maintenance

- **What exists**: exactly one op — `Client::force_maintain()`
  (`src/client/public/maintain_ops.rs:17-24`) running
  `fail_jobs_by_timeout` (expire `active` jobs past
  `started_on + expire_seconds`; retry/fail/DLQ per §4-5; returns
  `MaintenanceStats { expired }` only). Doc wording ("operations that
  are normally performed on a schedule, such as expiration, archival,
  and dropping", maintain_ops.rs:15-16) describes intent beyond what's
  wired.
- **Reserved but unwired schema**: the `queue` table carries full
  monitor/maintenance state — `monitor_on`, `maintain_on` cadence
  markers, counters `deferred_count/queued_count/active_count/
  total_count`, `warning_queued`, `singletons_active text[]` (ddl.rs
  :46-53) — none read or written by any DML at this revision.
  `fail_jobs_by_timeout` has TODOs for queue-scoped sweeping and
  monitor-on coordination (dml.rs:289-293); a placeholder stub `_g()`
  for maintenance exists unpublished (dml.rs:466-471).
- **Cadence defaults**: none — no background poller/loop in the client;
  `Client` is a pure pool + statement holder (`src/client/mod.rs:50-55`).
  Callers poll and maintain.
- **Multi-node coordination**: advisory-lock-based for one thing only —
  `install_app` wraps all DDL in a transaction holding
  `pg_advisory_xact_lock(hash(current_database || '.pgboss.{schema}$key'))`
  with `SET LOCAL lock_timeout/idle_in_transaction_session_timeout =
  30000` (`src/sql/mod.rs:5-21, 38-58`) — concurrent-bootstrap safe
  (`tests/e2e/queue.rs:36-52`), and lets the port coexist with a node
  pg-boss instance creating the same schema. **No leader election, no
  distributed maintenance runtime**; `version.cron_on` (ddl.rs:24,
  logged at connect, `src/client/mod.rs:67-71`) is upstream's reserved
  column for single-owner cron/maintenance coordination, unused here.

## 7. Cron / repeatable jobs

Upstream node pg-boss has `schedule/unschedule/getCron` with cron
expressions, `every` intervals, timezones, and singleton dedup. The
port has **the storage shape and none of the machinery**:

- `{schema}.schedule` exists with exactly the upstream columns: `name
  → queue FK, key text (default '', PK (name,key) = dedup key), cron
  text, timezone text, data jsonb, options jsonb` (ddl.rs:63-80).
- No Rust API creates schedule rows; no cron parsing, no scheduler
  tick, no `cron_on` usage beyond the column and a connect-time log.
- `Job::singleton_for` + `singleton_key` are a related-but-different
  mechanism: time-bucketed throttling (`singleton_on` = largest epoch
  bucket of size `singleton_for`, dml.rs:96-100) enforced by unique
  index `i4` (ddl.rs:157-158), surfaced as `Error::Throttled`
  (job_ops.rs:60-64; e2e `tests/e2e/job_send.rs:181-215`).
- Missed-boundary catch-up: N/A — no cron executor. Timezone: column
  exists, unimplemented.

## 8. What the Rust port dropped / left thinner than node pg-boss

1. **No background maintenance/monitor runtime** — no `monitorInterval`,
   no per-queue monitor cadence; expiration (and stalled-`active`
   recovery) only via `force_maintain()`. The queue table's whole
   monitor/counters column set is dead weight at this revision.
2. **No cron scheduler** — `schedule` table and `version.cron_on` are
   scaffolding only.
3. **No archive stage** — node pg-boss moves expired jobs to an
   `archive` table; the port had it, removed it (`f9db249`). Pipeline
   is active-table → (retry | failed | DLQ copy) → manual/never
   deletion.
4. **No worker framework** — no `work()`/`WorkOptions`, worker pools,
   concurrency-per-queue, batch handlers, `onComplete` wiring;
   the library stops at fetch/complete/fail primitives (worker loops
   are the caller's — cf. `src/bin/loadtest.rs:49-76`).
5. **No `onComplete` child jobs** — `output jsonb` on the job itself,
   the `subscription` table an unused remnant.
6. **No LISTEN/NOTIFY wakeup / no pub-sub** — pure polling; the
   `subscription` table suggests intent, nothing more.
7. **No maintenance-queues-as-jobs design** — node pg-boss v10
   self-manages by enqueuing internal jobs on `pq_<schema>` queues; the
   port replaces that with direct SQL sweeps plus TODOs (dml.rs:289-293).
8. **API-surface gaps vs SQL** — `retry_delay_max`, `delete_after`,
   `singleton_offset` consumed by the enqueue SQL but without setters;
   DLQ redrive absent; `send_job` cannot target an unregistered queue
   (needs explicit `create_queue`).
9. **Migration story** — "must be >= v26, else panic; no upward
   migrations" (`src/client/mod.rs:72-86`).
10. **Preserved fidelity** — schema deliberately diffed against node
    pg-boss @ `3da860f0` (`Makefile:58`, `sql/mod.rs:4`); state enum,
    index set (`i1..i6`), timeout error message, advisory-lock scheme,
    epoch-bucket singleton math all match upstream — schema-comparable
    to pg-boss v10.

## 9. Carry-in observations for the alkstore pg engine

- The **enum-ordered state machine + ordinal comparisons** are elegant
  but fragile (insertion order is semantic; adding a state shifts
  everything).
- **Everything atomic and contention-free happens in one SQL
  statement with `FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED`** — enqueue resolves
  defaults in SQL against the queue row; fetch claims in one CTE; fail
  runs delete+reinsert in one CTE including DLQ fan-out. The core
  pattern to keep or consciously redesign.
- **Retry counting on re-fetch** (not on fail), total attempts =
  retry_limit + 1 — a subtle contract anyone re-deriving must decide
  to keep or fix.
- **`singleton_on` epoch-bucketing + partial unique indexes** gives
  O(1) throttle correctness without locks — reusable if dedup-key
  semantics ever enter scope.
- The port shows a *polling + explicit maintenance-call* architecture
  can ship with zero background machinery — but the crashed-worker
  recovery gap (no automatic expiration sweep) is exactly the hole a
  real store fills with either a built-in maintenance loop or upstream's
  maintenance-via-jobs design.