feat(gateway): the loud ownership-wiring default (review 012 ruling)

- GatewayDispatch now refuses (FORBIDDEN, pre-dispatch) any op whose
  spec gates on access_control.resource_type when no ownership
  provider is wired — invoke, invoke_streaming, and invoke_sink alike
- Predicate is resource_type, not resource_id_path as review 012
  first drafted: AccessControl::check consults the provider whenever
  the resource type is set, including the list/owns_any case; the
  refusal message is operator-directed and names both opt-ins
- Exemptions: resource_action-only ACLs (no provider is consulted on
  the wire either) and Internal-visibility ops (spec-404, no
  acknowledgment leak)
- with_static_ownership_fallback(): declared opt-out to the ADR-011
  static fallback for deployments with no runtime ownership model —
  the door contract becomes enforceable, not just documented
- Superseded the pre-ruling pin
  gateway_without_provider_admits_only_the_static_claim with refusal/
  opt-out/exemption tests (all three entry points covered)
- ADR-048 amendment records the ruling; review 012 status updated

Blast-radius survey: alkhttp is the only live GatewayDispatch
consumer (unpublished, three unwired sites); alkblobs the only live
resource_type op producer (serves native-wire, providers wired);
no published 0.9.0 consumer relies on the silent fallback for such ops.
Ships in the same unreleased batch as the review-012 amendment.

Verification: cargo test (697 pass), cargo test --features gateway
(720 pass), cargo clippy --all-features --all-targets -- -D warnings,
cargo fmt --check, fuzz corpus replay (5 pass)

docs/architecture/decisions/048-dispatch-spine-gateway-module.md

@@ -129,43 +129,73 @@ Amended:
   threading is opt-in, additive.
 
 - **The door contract** (review 012's compensation pattern, blessed
-  as a doc-contract line rather than accepted as the durable answer
-  for anything beyond the no-ownership-model case): the ADR-011
-  static fallback is correct *only* where a deployment genuinely has
-  no runtime ownership model. A door (alkhttp feature doors, the LFS
-  and `git` doors, hub/relay surfaces) serving an op whose
-  authorization truth is a revocable grant table MUST wire the same
-  provider the native wire path consults — visible-surface =
-  authorized-surface. Without a wiring, `GatewayDispatch` on an
-  External namespace-ACL op silently admits token-carried static
-  claims: the spine cannot distinguish "no ownership model in this
-  deployment" from "forgot to wire it", which is why the contract is
-  a doc line and the loud default below is a separate, surveyed
-  decision.
+  as a doc-contract line and — since the loud default below ruled —
+  enforced by the spine): the ADR-011 static fallback is correct
+  *only* where a deployment genuinely has no runtime ownership model.
+  A door (alkhttp feature doors, the LFS and `git` doors, hub/relay
+  surfaces) serving an op whose authorization truth is a revocable
+  grant table MUST wire the same provider the native wire path
+  consults — visible-surface = authorized-surface.
 
-- **Deferred, not decided here — the loud default:** making the spine
-  refuse (an error envelope) an op whose spec carries
-  `resource_id_path` when no provider is wired. The refusal is
-  mechanically precise (the spine can see the spec), but it changes
-  default outcomes for ownership-relevant ops — consumer-visible —
-  and needs the blast radius surveyed (which doors route such ops
-  through `GatewayDispatch` today) before it is ruled on. Tracked in
-  review 012; decided after the survey. Until then the door contract
-  above is the answer in force.
+- **The loud default (ruled 2026-10-17 — review 012):** the spine
+  refuses (an error envelope, `FORBIDDEN`) a dispatched op whose spec
+  carries `access_control.resource_type` when no ownership provider is
+  wired — `invoke`, `invoke_streaming`, and `invoke_sink` alike,
+  pre-dispatch. The survey (this session) found the blast radius
+  minimal: alkhttp is the only live `GatewayDispatch` consumer in the
+  family and it is unpublished, its three construction sites wire no
+  provider, and alkblobs is the only live op producer with
+  `resource_type` ACLs (its own serving sides are native-wire and
+  correctly wired). The refusal message is operator-directed (names
+  the wired opt-ins); fail-closed and indistinguishable in code from a
+  normal ACL denial.
+
+  **Predicate refinement:** the refusal predicate is
+  `access_control.resource_type.is_some()`, not
+  `resource_id_path.is_some()` as review 012 first drafted.
+  `AccessControl::check` consults the provider whenever the resource
+  type is set — including the `list` case (`owns_any`) where
+  `resource_id_path` is `None`, which silently admits any
+  token-carried static claim too. `resource_action`-only ACLs are
+  exempt: no provider is consulted for those even on the native wire,
+  so static resolution there is family-wide semantics, not gateway
+  drift. Internal-visibility ops are also exempt (the registry answers
+  the spec-404; the refusal must not acknowledge a never-visible op).
+
+  **The escape hatch:** `with_static_ownership_fallback()` — a
+  declared opt-in to the ADR-011 static `Identity.resources` fallback
+  for deployments that genuinely have no runtime ownership model. This
+  turns the door contract from a doc line into an enforceable
+  construct: the static fallback survives only as a code-review-visible
+  declaration, never as the accidental default. The default spine is
+  loud for `resource_type`-gated ops; wiring
+  `with_ownership_provider` keeps the live grant table.
 
 Verification: the in-crate regression tests
-(`gateway_without_provider_admits_only_the_static_claim`,
-`gateway_with_provider_consults_the_live_grant_table`,
-`gateway_streaming_with_provider_denies_a_static_claim_only_identity`,
-all in `src/gateway/dispatch.rs`) pin the static-fallback behavior,
-the live-table override, and revocation live on the gateway surface;
-POC-L's `tests/gateway_gap.rs` re-run against the published 0.9.0
-remains green (the default path is unchanged).
+(`gateway_with_provider_consults_the_live_grant_table`,
+`gateway_streaming_with_provider_denies_a_static_claim_only_identity`)
+pin the live-table override and revocation live on the gateway
+surface; `gateway_refuses_a_resource_gated_op_without_a_provider`,
+`gateway_streaming_and_sink_refuse_a_resource_gated_op_without_a_provider`,
+and `gateway_static_fallback_opt_out_serves_resource_gated_ops` pin
+the refusal (all three entry points), the opt-out, and the preserved
+static-fallback mechanics under the declaration;
+`gateway_refusal_spares_action_only_internal_and_unknown_ops` pins the
+predicate exemptions (the pre-ruling pin
+`gateway_without_provider_admits_only_the_static_claim` is superseded —
+its unwired-spine-admits behavior is now the refusal and the opt-out
+tests). POC-L's `tests/gateway_gap.rs`, written against published
+0.9.0, pinned the pre-ruling gap: under this ruling its
+unwired-spine second branch now answers `FORBIDDEN` pre-dispatch —
+the POC is archival evidence of the hole, not a living conformance
+suite; re-run it against the wired or opt-out spine if it is revived.
 
 Semver note: additive — committed to main without a release (no
 0.9.x publish); it rides the next release batch (0.10.0's class),
 keeping the per-alkcall-release downstream churn to one coordinated
-update.
+update. The loud default ships in the same unreleased batch as the
+review-012 amendment, so no published alkcall version ever carried the
+silent unwired-spine answer past 0.9.0.
 
 ### What the spine deliberately does NOT include
 

docs/reviews/012-gateway-ownership-seam-consumer-input.md

@@ -2,14 +2,22 @@
 
 ## Status
 
-Resolved — filed 2026-10-17, resolved same session. Report-only
-consumer input; resolution shape 1 is implemented this session
-(ADR-048 amendment "Ownership provider threading"; the threading,
-the in-crate regression tests, and the re-run of POC-L's
-`tests/gateway_gap.rs` against published 0.9.0 are listed there).
-Committed unreleased — additive work rides the next release batch
-(0.10.0's class), keeping the six-consumer downstream churn to one
-coordinated update.
+Resolved — filed 2026-10-17, resolved in two sessions. Report-only
+consumer input; resolution shape 1 is implemented (ADR-048 amendment
+"Ownership provider threading"; the threading, the in-crate regression
+tests, and the re-run of POC-L's `tests/gateway_gap.rs` against
+published 0.9.0 are listed there). The deferred loud-default ruling
+(shape below, decision 2) was ruled in the follow-up session, after
+the blast-radius survey: **adopt, with a refined predicate and an
+explicit opt-out** — the spine refuses (`FORBIDDEN`, pre-dispatch, all
+three entry points) an op whose spec gates on `access_control.resource_type`
+when no provider is wired and no static fallback is declared; the
+predicate is `resource_type` (covering the `list`/`owns_any` case the
+draft wording missed), and `with_static_ownership_fallback()` is the
+declared escape hatch for genuinely-static deployments. Implemented in
+the same unreleased batch (ADR-048 "The loud default" section; commit
+rides the 0.10.0 release class), keeping the six-consumer downstream
+churn to one coordinated update.
 
 Two decisions recorded here as required by the resolution session:
 
@@ -22,17 +30,20 @@ Two decisions recorded here as required by the resolution session:
    record-carried-grants pattern (alkgit ADR-011, alkfs, alkdocker)
    is explicitly **not** an alkcall item — pattern-level now,
    micro-crate if a third consumer shows up.
-2. **Deferred, not decided:** the loud default — refusing (an error
-   envelope) an op whose spec has `resource_id_path` when no provider
-   is wired inside the dispatch spine. It is mechanically precise
-   (the spine can see the spec) but consumer-visible; the blast
-   radius must be surveyed first (which doors route
-   `resource_id_path` ops through `GatewayDispatch` today — known
-   case: alkblobs' `blobs/stat` via alkhttp). Ruled on in a
-   subsequent session after that survey; until then the door
-   contract (wire the provider, or hand-assemble the context) is the
-   answer in force. This ruling, once made, belongs in the same
-   release batch — the reason it is decided before 0.10.0 publishes.
+2. **Adopted (ruled in the follow-up session, superseding the
+   original deferral):** the loud default — refusing (an error
+   envelope) an op whose spec gates on `resource_type` when no
+   provider is wired inside the dispatch spine. Survey outcome: the
+   blast radius is minimal (alkhttp is the only live spine consumer
+   and is unpublished; alkblobs is the only live `resource_type` op
+   producer and serves those ops native-wire with its providers
+   wired; no published consumer of 0.9.0's spine relies on the
+   silent fallback for such ops). Two refinements against the draft
+   wording: the predicate is `resource_type` not `resource_id_path`
+   (the `list` case silently falls back too), and the loud default
+   carries an explicit `with_static_ownership_fallback()` opt-out so
+   the door contract is enforceable, not just documented. Full ruling
+   in ADR-048's "The loud default" section.
 
 Input basis:
 

fuzz/Cargo.lock

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "alkcall"
-version = "0.8.1"
+version = "0.9.0"
 dependencies = [
  "async-trait",
  "bytes",

src/gateway/dispatch.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,9 @@
 //! None` — wire-ingress only), resolves the registration's
 //! composition authority / capabilities / scoped env into it, carries
 //! the spine-wide ownership provider when one is wired (ADR-011; the
-//! ADR-048 amendment — review 012's door contract), and bounds Once-ops
+//! ADR-048 amendment — review 012's door contract), refuses a
+//! `resource_type`-gated op served without a provider or a declared
+//! static fallback (review 012's loud-default ruling), and bounds Once-ops
 //! and sink dispatch with a configurable deadline
 //! while leaving streaming subscriptions unbounded (ADR-021:
 //! subscriptions are long-lived).
@@ -59,6 +61,7 @@ pub struct GatewayDispatch {
     registry: Arc<OperationRegistry>,
     deadline: Option<Duration>,
     ownership_provider: Option<Arc<dyn OwnershipProvider>>,
+    static_ownership_fallback: bool,
     invoke_count: AtomicUsize,
 }
 
@@ -70,6 +73,7 @@ impl GatewayDispatch {
             registry,
             deadline: Some(DEFAULT_DEADLINE),
             ownership_provider: None,
+            static_ownership_fallback: false,
             invoke_count: AtomicUsize::new(0),
         }
     }
@@ -77,20 +81,36 @@ impl GatewayDispatch {
     /// Wire the ownership provider the spine's root contexts carry
     /// (ADR-011): an op whose `access_control` gates on a
     /// `resource_type` then consults this provider with the
-    /// `resource_id_path`-extracted resource ID at check time — the
-    /// live, revocable grant table — instead of the static
-    /// `Identity.resources` fallback. The door contract: any door
-    /// serving ops whose authorization truth is a dynamic grant table
-    /// MUST wire the same provider the native wire path consults —
-    /// visible-surface = authorized-surface (review 012 / ADR-048
-    /// amendment). The default ([`GatewayDispatch::new`]) is `None` —
-    /// the ADR-011 static fallback, correct only where the deployment
-    /// genuinely has no runtime ownership model.
+    /// `resource_id_path`-extracted resource ID at check time (the
+    /// live, revocable grant table) — or `owns_any` for the `list`
+    /// case — instead of the static `Identity.resources` fallback.
+    /// The door contract: any door serving ops whose authorization
+    /// truth is a dynamic grant table MUST wire the same provider the
+    /// native wire path consults — visible-surface =
+    /// authorized-surface (review 012 / ADR-048 amendment). The
+    /// default ([`GatewayDispatch::new`]) is `None`, and the default
+    /// policy is loud: without a provider or a declared
+    /// [`GatewayDispatch::with_static_ownership_fallback`], a
+    /// `resource_type`-gated op is refused (an error envelope,
+    /// review 012's ruling).
     pub fn with_ownership_provider(mut self, provider: Arc<dyn OwnershipProvider>) -> Self {
         self.ownership_provider = Some(provider);
         self
     }
 
+    /// Declare this deployment's static `Identity.resources` fallback
+    /// as a deliberate choice: ops whose `access_control` gates on a
+    /// `resource_type` are served through the ADR-011 static-fallback
+    /// check (token-carried claims), not refused for the missing
+    /// provider wiring. Use this only where the deployment genuinely
+    /// has no runtime ownership model — review 012's door contract
+    /// makes this a code-review-visible decision, not the accidental
+    /// default.
+    pub fn with_static_ownership_fallback(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.static_ownership_fallback = true;
+        self
+    }
+
     /// Override the Once/sink deadline: `Some(duration)` bounds every
     /// [`GatewayDispatch::invoke`] and [`GatewayDispatch::invoke_sink`]
     /// dispatch (a hung handler surfaces as a retryable `TIMEOUT` error
@@ -131,6 +151,14 @@ impl GatewayDispatch {
             return ResponseEnvelope::error(uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string(), error);
         }
         let request_id = uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
+        if let Some(error) = ownership_wiring_refusal(
+            &self.registry,
+            &operation_name,
+            self.ownership_provider.as_ref(),
+            self.static_ownership_fallback,
+        ) {
+            return ResponseEnvelope::error(request_id, error);
+        }
         let context = self.build_root_context(&request_id, &operation_name, identity);
         let fut = self.registry.invoke(&operation_name, input, context);
         match self.deadline {
@@ -166,6 +194,16 @@ impl GatewayDispatch {
             }));
         }
         let request_id = uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
+        if let Some(error) = ownership_wiring_refusal(
+            &self.registry,
+            &operation_name,
+            self.ownership_provider.as_ref(),
+            self.static_ownership_fallback,
+        ) {
+            return Box::pin(futures::stream::once(async move {
+                ResponseEnvelope::error(request_id, error)
+            }));
+        }
         let context = self.build_root_context_streaming(&request_id, &operation_name, identity);
         self.registry
             .invoke_streaming(&operation_name, input, context)
@@ -186,6 +224,14 @@ impl GatewayDispatch {
     ) -> ResponseEnvelope {
         let operation_name = strip_leading_slash(op).to_string();
         let request_id = uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string();
+        if let Some(error) = ownership_wiring_refusal(
+            &self.registry,
+            &operation_name,
+            self.ownership_provider.as_ref(),
+            self.static_ownership_fallback,
+        ) {
+            return ResponseEnvelope::error(request_id, error);
+        }
         let context = self.build_root_context_sink(&request_id, &operation_name, identity);
         let fut = self
             .registry
@@ -297,6 +343,44 @@ fn schema_via_call_denial(
     schema_disclosure_denial(registry, name, identity)
 }
 
+/// The loud ownership-wiring default (review 012's ruling, ADR-048
+/// amendment): when the dispatched op's `access_control` gates on a
+/// `resource_type` and no ownership provider is wired on the spine,
+/// refuse with `FORBIDDEN` rather than silently applying the ADR-011
+/// static `Identity.resources` fallback — admission-by-claim at a door
+/// is exactly the visible-surface ≠ authorized-surface drift. The
+/// predicate is `resource_type` (not `resource_id_path`): `AccessControl::check`
+/// consults the provider whenever the resource type is set, including
+/// the `list` case (`owns_any`) where `resource_id_path` is `None`.
+/// `resource_action`-only ACLs are exempt — no provider is consulted
+/// for those even on the native wire, so static resolution there is
+/// family-wide semantics, not gateway drift. Internal-visibility ops
+/// are exempt too (the registry's dispatch answers `NOT_FOUND`; the
+/// refusal must not acknowledge a never-visible op). The
+/// [`GatewayDispatch::with_static_ownership_fallback`] declaration is
+/// the deliberate escape hatch.
+fn ownership_wiring_refusal(
+    registry: &OperationRegistry,
+    operation: &str,
+    ownership_provider: Option<&Arc<dyn OwnershipProvider>>,
+    static_ownership_fallback: bool,
+) -> Option<CallError> {
+    if ownership_provider.is_some() || static_ownership_fallback {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let registration = registry.registration(operation)?;
+    let spec = &registration.spec;
+    if spec.visibility == Visibility::Internal || spec.access_control.resource_type.is_none() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let resource_type = spec.access_control.resource_type.as_deref().unwrap_or("");
+    Some(CallError::forbidden(format!(
+        "operation '{operation}' gates on resource ownership ({resource_type}), but no ownership \
+         provider is wired on this dispatch spine; the deployment must wire \
+         GatewayDispatch::with_ownership_provider or declare with_static_ownership_fallback"
+    )))
+}
+
 /// The schema-disclosure check shared by every transport surface:
 /// Internal ops are invisible (`NOT_FOUND` regardless of caller);
 /// ACL-forbidden ops are denied with `FORBIDDEN`. One implementation so
@@ -858,35 +942,13 @@ mod tests {
         }
     }
 
-    #[tokio::test]
-    async fn gateway_without_provider_admits_only_the_static_claim() {
-        let dispatch = GatewayDispatch::new(namespace_registry());
-        let input = serde_json::json!({ "namespace": "ns-1" });
-
-        let envelope = dispatch
-            .invoke(
-                Some(identity_with_static_claim("token-carrier", true)),
-                "ns/stat",
-                input.clone(),
-            )
-            .await;
-        assert!(
-            envelope.result.is_ok(),
-            "the static fallback admits the token-carried claim, got {envelope:?}"
-        );
-
-        let envelope = dispatch
-            .invoke(
-                Some(identity_with_static_claim("stranger", false)),
-                "ns/stat",
-                input,
-            )
-            .await;
-        match envelope.result {
-            Err(error) => assert_eq!(error.code, "FORBIDDEN"),
-            Ok(v) => panic!("the static fallback denies a claimless caller, got {v:?}"),
-        }
-    }
+    // Review 012's ruling replaces the pre-ruling pin
+    // (`gateway_without_provider_admits_only_the_static_claim`): the
+    // loud default refuses the unwired spine (see
+    // `gateway_refuses_a_resource_gated_op_without_a_provider`), the
+    // opt-out keeps the fallback (see
+    // `gateway_static_fallback_opt_out_serves_resource_gated_ops`),
+    // and the wired provider keeps the live-table behavior below.
 
     #[tokio::test]
     async fn gateway_with_provider_consults_the_live_grant_table() {
@@ -986,4 +1048,218 @@ mod tests {
             Ok(v) => panic!("the provider gate applies to the streaming path too, got {v:?}"),
         }
     }
+
+    // --- Review 012 ruling: the loud ownership-wiring default ------------
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn gateway_refuses_a_resource_gated_op_without_a_provider() {
+        let dispatch = GatewayDispatch::new(namespace_registry());
+        let envelope = dispatch
+            .invoke(
+                Some(identity_with_static_claim("token-carrier", true)),
+                "ns/stat",
+                serde_json::json!({ "namespace": "ns-1" }),
+            )
+            .await;
+        match envelope.result {
+            Err(error) => {
+                assert_eq!(error.code, "FORBIDDEN");
+                assert!(
+                    error.message.contains("with_static_ownership_fallback"),
+                    "the refusal names the deliberate opt-out, got {error:?}"
+                );
+                assert!(
+                    error.message.contains("blob-namespace"),
+                    "the refusal names the resource type, got {error:?}"
+                );
+            }
+            Ok(v) => panic!(
+                "the loud default must refuse a resource-gated op with no wired provider, got {v:?}"
+            ),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn gateway_streaming_and_sink_refuse_a_resource_gated_op_without_a_provider() {
+        let registry = OperationRegistry::new();
+        let registry = {
+            let mut sink_spec = namespace_spec("ns/put");
+            sink_spec.op_type = OperationType::Pub;
+            let mut stream_spec = namespace_spec("ns/stream");
+            stream_spec.op_type = OperationType::Sub;
+            registry
+                .register(HandlerRegistration::new(
+                    stream_spec,
+                    HandlerKind::Stream(make_streaming_handler(|_input, ctx| {
+                        let request_id = ctx.request_id.clone();
+                        futures::stream::once(async move {
+                            ResponseEnvelope::ok(request_id, serde_json::json!({}))
+                        })
+                    })),
+                    OperationProvenance::Local,
+                    None,
+                    None,
+                    Capabilities::new(),
+                ))
+                .unwrap();
+            registry
+                .register(HandlerRegistration::new(
+                    sink_spec,
+                    HandlerKind::Sink(make_sink_handler(|_input, ctx, _chunks| async move {
+                        ResponseEnvelope::ok(ctx.request_id, serde_json::json!({}))
+                    })),
+                    OperationProvenance::Local,
+                    None,
+                    None,
+                    Capabilities::new(),
+                ))
+                .unwrap();
+            Arc::new(registry)
+        };
+        let dispatch = GatewayDispatch::new(Arc::clone(&registry));
+
+        let mut stream = dispatch.invoke_streaming(
+            Some(identity_with_static_claim("token-carrier", true)),
+            "ns/stream",
+            serde_json::json!({ "namespace": "ns-1" }),
+        );
+        let envelopes: Vec<ResponseEnvelope> = stream.by_ref().collect().await;
+        assert_eq!(envelopes.len(), 1, "the refusal is the only envelope");
+        match &envelopes[0].result {
+            Err(error) => assert_eq!(error.code, "FORBIDDEN"),
+            Ok(v) => panic!("the streaming path refuses unwired resource-gated ops, got {v:?}"),
+        }
+
+        let chunks: crate::registry::registration::PublishStream =
+            Box::pin(futures::stream::empty());
+        let envelope = dispatch
+            .invoke_sink(
+                Some(identity_with_static_claim("token-carrier", true)),
+                "ns/put",
+                serde_json::json!({ "namespace": "ns-1" }),
+                chunks,
+            )
+            .await;
+        match envelope.result {
+            Err(error) => assert_eq!(error.code, "FORBIDDEN"),
+            Ok(v) => panic!("the sink path refuses unwired resource-gated ops, got {v:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn gateway_static_fallback_opt_out_serves_resource_gated_ops() {
+        let dispatch = GatewayDispatch::new(namespace_registry()).with_static_ownership_fallback();
+        let envelope = dispatch
+            .invoke(
+                Some(identity_with_static_claim("token-carrier", true)),
+                "ns/stat",
+                serde_json::json!({ "namespace": "ns-1" }),
+            )
+            .await;
+        assert!(
+            envelope.result.is_ok(),
+            "the declared static fallback serves the op through the ADR-011 fallback, got {envelope:?}"
+        );
+
+        let envelope = dispatch
+            .invoke(
+                Some(identity_with_static_claim("stranger", false)),
+                "ns/stat",
+                serde_json::json!({ "namespace": "ns-1" }),
+            )
+            .await;
+        match envelope.result {
+            Err(error) => assert_eq!(error.code, "FORBIDDEN"),
+            Ok(v) => panic!("the static fallback still denies a claimless caller, got {v:?}"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn gateway_refusal_spares_action_only_internal_and_unknown_ops() {
+        let registry = OperationRegistry::new();
+        let mut action_only = spec("act/run", Visibility::External, OperationType::Query);
+        action_only.access_control = AccessControl {
+            resource_action: Some("read".to_string()),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        let mut internal_gated = namespace_spec("internal/hidden");
+        internal_gated.visibility = Visibility::Internal;
+        registry
+            .register(HandlerRegistration::new(
+                action_only,
+                HandlerKind::Once(make_handler(|input, ctx| async move {
+                    ResponseEnvelope::ok(ctx.request_id, input)
+                })),
+                OperationProvenance::Local,
+                None,
+                None,
+                Capabilities::new(),
+            ))
+            .unwrap();
+        registry
+            .register(HandlerRegistration::new(
+                internal_gated,
+                HandlerKind::Once(make_handler(|_input, ctx| async move {
+                    ResponseEnvelope::ok(ctx.request_id, serde_json::json!({}))
+                })),
+                OperationProvenance::Local,
+                None,
+                None,
+                Capabilities::new(),
+            ))
+            .unwrap();
+        let dispatch = GatewayDispatch::new(Arc::new(registry));
+
+        let mut action_identity_resources = HashMap::new();
+        action_identity_resources.insert("some-resource".to_string(), vec!["read".to_string()]);
+        let envelope = dispatch
+            .invoke(
+                Some(Identity {
+                    id: "action-holder".to_string(),
+                    scopes: Vec::new(),
+                    resources: action_identity_resources,
+                }),
+                "act/run",
+                serde_json::json!({}),
+            )
+            .await;
+        assert!(
+            envelope.result.is_ok(),
+            "a resource_action-only ACL never consults a provider on the wire either — no refusal, got {envelope:?}"
+        );
+
+        let envelope = dispatch
+            .invoke(
+                Some(identity_with_static_claim("snooping", false)),
+                "internal/hidden",
+                serde_json::json!({ "namespace": "ns-1" }),
+            )
+            .await;
+        match envelope.result {
+            Err(error) => {
+                assert_eq!(
+                    error.code, "NOT_FOUND",
+                    "an Internal op stays unacknowledged instead of the refusal"
+                );
+                assert!(
+                    !error.message.contains("with_static_ownership_fallback")
+                        && !error.message.contains("blob-namespace"),
+                    "the refusal text must not leak on an Internal op, got {error:?}"
+                );
+            }
+            Ok(v) => panic!("an Internal op must never run, got {v:?}"),
+        }
+
+        let envelope = dispatch
+            .invoke(
+                Some(identity_with_static_claim("anyone", false)),
+                "missing/op",
+                serde_json::json!({}),
+            )
+            .await;
+        match envelope.result {
+            Err(error) => assert_eq!(error.code, "NOT_FOUND"),
+            Ok(v) => panic!("an unknown op keeps its NOT_FOUND, got {v:?}"),
+        }
+    }
 }